Cats

Cats

58

Panda Narrator at Safari Park

Guests on a Rolling Safari get a unique view of the Park's lions!

One of the great benefits of working for San Diego Zoo Global is that it gives employees the opportunity to explore other positions in the organization. For some of us, we can go on loan to other departments to help out during busy times. Although I am a panda narrator at the Zoo, for about three years now during Spring Break weeks I have had the great opportunity to work at the Safari Park and help give Africa Tram Safari and Rolling Safari tours. The best part of this process is learning about the different conservation programs that we are doing on grounds at the Park and letting our guests know that by coming to the Park they have helped us in all of our endeavors.

On the Africa Tram Safari, some of the first animals our guests see are the South African cheetahs. The Park has 1,800 acres, so we have space for a cheetah breeding facility where we have welcomed over 130 cheetah births. Many of our cheetahs born here become ambassadors for their species and go to other zoos to help bring awareness to their plight in the wild.

Southern white rhinos can roam far and wide at the Safari Park.

One of the most famous animals at the Park is the southern white rhino. In the early 1900s, the rhinos were hunted for their horns to the point where there were less than 500. For years, the practice in zoos was to put a male and a female rhino together and wait for them to breed. We now know that southern white rhinos are social animals, and the females like to be in a herd to help protect their babies. They won’t even come into heat unless they have that social group! Right now we have a male at the Park chasing the girls around, trying to court. The funniest thing about these animals is that if a male wants to court a female, he has to get the approval of the rest of the herd!

On the Rolling Safari Tours, our guests get to ride on a Segway X2 while getting to see the Asian animals that are not out for general viewing, such as the greater one-horned rhino, Przewalski’s horse (an extremely rare wild horse), Indian gaur (one of the few wild cattle left), and the Arabian oryx (an animal that was extinct in the wild but was brought back due, in part, to the Safari Park’s breeding efforts).

Taking a Safari Park tour is a great way to really see how involved San Diego Zoo Global is with conservation. Every tour lets you get extra information about what we do, our mission, and how you have helped and can continue to help as you leave the Park. I think the most exciting thing for some is seeing the new babies born. Since the Park opened in 1972, over 20,000 animals have been born here, and we help the scientific community by sharing our knowledge of animal behavior, successful techniques to secure breeding, and successful animal management.

If you have the time, please come check out the Zoo’s sister facility, the Safari Park. Watch these animals interact with each other in the large, open exhibits, and see animal behavior like you’ve never seen before.

Anastasia Horning is a panda narrator at the San Diego Zoo. Read her previous post, Our Growing Takin Calves.

3

Snow Leopards: Love At Second Sight?

Beau needed some romantic persuasion from Anna.

Early this year we received a new snow leopard male, Beauregard, with the hopes of introducing him to our female, Anna (see post A New Snow Leopard Beau). The couple and updates on the pair’s status have been the hot topic on Big Cat Trail at the San Diego Zoo. Initially, we tried an introduction just prior to breeding season. Neither cat took much of a liking to the other, which was not surprising. In the wild, these cats live highly solitary lives and only come together for short periods during breeding season.

Shortly thereafter, Anna started showing signs of entering estrous. This time her mood made an expected 180-degree turn as she immediately approached Beau with friendly chuffing and flirtatious behavior. Strangely, Beau was not receptive, and he either ignored her advances or aggressively repelled them. Anna became increasingly frustrated with Beau’s behavior. Eventually, as Anna’s cycle passed, she became less interested in Beau, and we halted introductions.

Fortunately, snow leopards have more than one chance to breed per season, and three weeks later Anna started showing interest in Beau again. We re-introduced the pair, and Anna tried to solicit attention from Beau again, and again Beau was either indifferent or aggressive toward her. We started to lose hope that this couple just might not be compatible. Yet Anna was not as easily dissuaded. On this go around, she got more and more insistent with her advances toward Beau. Finally something clicked, and we observed several days of successful breeding. Anna’s persistence had paid off! Even after the end of their breeding cycle, we were able to keep the pair together. A bond seemed to have formed, and they would even greet each other with mutual grooming first thing in the morning.

Breeding season is now waning, and the pair is separated again. Now all we can do is keep our fingers crossed and monitor Anna’s behavior for possible indications of pregnancy. Researchers at the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research are also monitoring her hormones for pregnancy by analyzing her feces (imagine buying that at-home test at your local drug store!). Since neither cat has reproduced before, the possibility of them passing on their genes to ensure a more diverse and healthy future population of these rare, elusive, and endangered animals is very exciting.

Todd Speis is a senior keeper at the San Diego Zoo. Read his previous post, Habitat for Hyenas.

12

Zoo Hospital: Leopard Youngsters

Welcome, Amur leopard kids! Here's one of the boys...

What’s furry, has 12 legs, and is one of the cutest things you’ll ever see? Our Amur leopard siblings! Two brothers and a sister entered quarantine at the Zoo’s Jennings Center for Zoological Medicine in March. The Amur leopard is considered to be one of the most critically endangered big cats in the world, with just 35 remaining in the wild, all in the Russia’s Far East, so we were very excited about our new arrivals.

As a former large cat keeper at the Zoo, I had been hearing for years that we’ve been trying to get these amazing animals into our collection. I know the exhibit they will be moving into, and I couldn’t be happier. These kids are going to have a blast in their new digs!

...and here's the other boy.

Having worked with many leopard species, I couldn’t help but compare these Amur leopards to other cats. My first impression was that they have the extra-long tail and subtly fluffy fur of our snow leopards, the coloring of our North Chinese leopard, Jama, and the sweet face of our Persian leopard, who is no longer at the Zoo.

The yet-unnamed leopards still have some baby fuzz visible since they’re not even a year old; their first birthday will be May 14, 2012. The boys are both 67 pounds (30 kilograms) and the female is 62 pounds (28 kilograms), so even though they are young, they are already within the range of an adult’s weight. One of the males is taller and lighter and a bit more fiesty. His brother is a little shorter and a tad darker and just a sweetheart. The female is a doll and communicates with us by occasionally making an adorable squeaking sound.

I think I speak for all five hospital keepers when I say it has been an honor to care for these rare and amazing cats. I hope you will enjoy them as much as we have. And you never know, you might even see me there standing right beside you, staring up at them as they enjoy their exhibit in Big Cat Trail.

Kirstin Clapham is a senior keeper at the San Diego Zoo. Read her previous post, Zoo Hospital: Picky Beaver.

Update: The trio is now on exhibit for all to admire!

13

A New Snow Leopard Beau

Welcome to San Diego, Beau!

In search of: White male with black spots. Likes long walks at high altitudes and dining on blue sheep. Must want children. No commitment required.

How do the animals at the San Diego Zoo find their mates? Not through personal ads but a system called Species Survival Plans, or SSPs. They are a lot like online dating for zoo animals, except instead of matching likes, dislikes, or interests, they match animals based on genetics. This matching insures that zoo populations of the most endangered species will keep healthy and viable well into the future. On the Zoo’s Big Cat Trail, one of our active SSP members is the snow leopard.

In 2006, we received a pair of snow leopards, Anna and Everett, who were determined by the SSP to be a desirable pair. Fortunately they also found each other desirable and became the “it” couple of Big Cat Trail. Anna and Everett were unusually compatible, considering that snow leopards, like most cats, are highly solitary. Usually cats only come together during breeding season and separate soon thereafter; the male has no part in raising their kittens. Our pair, in contrast, spent all their time together, grooming each other and even playing together. I could even feed both cats right next to each other with no fighting or spitting! When breeding season came around, usually starting around New Year’s Eve, mating would occur but, unfortunately, never resulted in any births. After several years, the vet staff examined both leopards very closely and came to the conclusion that Everett was infertile.

Giving Anna the chance to contribute to the next generation of snow leopards is still important, so the SSP found a new suitor who resided in nearby Santa Barbara, California: Beauregard. After some training using his favorite treat, beef heart, Everett acclimated to being in a crate and would enter voluntarily. My last vivid Anna/Everett memory will be just after a training session as Everett was rolling in fresh hay in the crate as Anna, just outside the crate, was leaping up and playfully batting him in the face. When the time came, my supervisor and I loaded Everett up, drove him to his new home in Santa Barbara, and brought Beau back with us to San Diego.

Now we face the challenge of introducing two cats to each other. Although it will be hard to match Everett and Anna’s compatibility, we are hoping Anna and Beau get along well, as neither has parented any kittens before. Stay tuned or stop by the snow leopard exhibit to see how Beau and Anna are getting along. Breeding season is just about to start, so keep you fingers crossed!

Todd Speis is a senior keeper at the San Diego Zoo. Read his previous post, Feline Fun.

7

Eau de Felid: Large Cat Scent Trial

Izu "wears" some of the scented wood shavings well, doesn't he?

As the year comes to a close, I wanted to update everyone on our scent studies. At the beginning of the year we were accepting donations of cologne and perfume to test preferences for our large felids (see Cologne, Perfume Needed for Cats!).  Thanks to all your donations, we had over 200 different types of perfumes and colognes to choose from for the scent trials. We ran the trials this summer with the lions and tigers at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park and tigers at the San Diego Zoo. The trials were a huge success, and we saw differences between perfumes and also different reactions between the tigers and the lions. What was really exciting is that the tigers at the Zoo showed very similar preferences overall to the tigers at the Safari Park. Similar to previous enrichment studies (see Big Cat Preferences, Part 2), it is quite clear that both species have types of scents that they prefer.

We are currently in the process of trying to raise the rest of the money to conduct a chemical analysis on the preferred perfumes. The analysis will help determine the chemical components of preferred perfumes so that we can make a “tiger” scent or “lion” scent with only the components that overlap from the top perfumes. Next year, we hope to then take the created scents to study the effects as enrichment with the lions and tigers. We also hope to do the same with cheetahs and other felid species in our collection.

Providing environmental enrichment for animals helps keep them both physically and psychologically healthy by promoting species-appropriate behavior and providing the animals some control within their environment. Only through good science can we continue to learn about the animals and their enrichment preferences to provide the highest quality of care for animals within the collection.

I wish everyone a wonderful holiday season, and a happy new year!

Lance Miller is a scientist for the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research.

0

Around the Zoo through a Zookeeper’s eyes

Zoo InternQuest is a seven-week career exploration program for San Diego County high school juniors and seniors. Students have the unique opportunity to meet professionals working for the San Diego Zoo, Safari Park, and Institute for Conservation Research, learn about their jobs, and then blog about their experience online. Follow their adventures here on the Zoo’s website!

Today, InternQuest was led by Matt Akel, animal care supervisor, through the Lost Forest. We even got a chance to go behind the scenes of some of the exhibits and get incredibly close to the tigers and hippopotamuses of the San Diego Zoo. Check out the photos below!

As we walked down the Tiger Trail, Mr. Akel spoke to us about how zookeepers only use positive reinforcement when training animals. He used an example of orphaned polar bears that the zoo worked with. During research, the Zoo trained the polar bears to stick out their tongues and touch a target when they heard a specific sound. Through this process, they realized that polar bears hear at an incredible rate out of range of human ears.

Mr. Akel manages zookeepers in Lost Forest and makes sure operations and animal care is running smoothly. He explained that in zoos, each area has strings, or sections that zookeepers are assigned to. This way they can focus on specific animals and become accustomed to the animals so if they behave differently, the zoo keepers will notice.

Zookeepers train animals to be accustomed to small spaces. Their goal is to desensitize them in case the animal needs medical attention, which would result in them needing to be in a very small space. To accomplish this, the keeper stops the animal in the

Heidi Trowbridge, a senior zookeeper who works with Mr. Akel, explained the process of moving tigers off and on exhibit. To ensure the safety of zookeepers, there are corridors where the animals go into, and then they are let into a room or exhibit. We actually got a chance to see tigers being moved on and off exhibit! It was so cool to see the process of moving them as well as being so close to them.

Ms. Trowbridge and Mr. Akel also spoke to us about how tigers are moved if they need to go to the hospital. Interestingly enough, tigers actually recognize the scent of a veterinarian, so they know that something is happening when they smell the vets. Some primary keepers ask not to be in the same area when the veterinarians come in to sedate the animal for fear that the animal will have a negative association of the keeper. Vets inject the sedative and then everyone leaves so the animal can take the sedative without feeling stressed. The animal is then transferred into a covered crate and taken to the hospital, always being followed by security escorts.

Danai modeled for us as we looked out into the exhibit from a keeper’s perspective

The hippopotamuses where incredibly active when we visited them! Adhama, the baby hippo and Funani, her mom, were communicating during feeding time. Mr. Akel explained their mouths being open was natural territorial behavior.

Mr. Akel had a brief interaction with Adhama while she and her mom were eating hay. He spoke about how San Diego Zoo Global was studying hippopotamus communication, especially between mother and child, by videotaping the exhibit and recording sounds in and out of water. They have learned that hippos communicate through infrasonic low rumbling.

Katherine, Photo Team (Week 4)

0

Coming Soon to the San Diego Zoo

Zoo InternQuest is a seven-week career exploration program for San Diego County high school juniors and seniors. Students have the unique opportunity to meet professionals working for the San Diego Zoo, Safari Park, and Institute for Conservation Research, learn about their jobs, and then blog about their experience online. Follow their adventures here!

Kirstin Clapham, senior hospital keeper at the San Diego Zoo’s Jennings Center for Zoological Medicine, works with animals that need medical attention, a temporary home, or are in quarantine. Ms. Clapham took us to the carnivore cages and introduced us to Ubon, a Malayan tiger who had just arrived from the Fresno Zoo. Because of protocol and animal safety, Ubon needs to stay at the hospital in quarantine for 30 days before he is moved to the tiger exhibit in Lost Forest. The reason for quarantine is to make sure that the animal arriving is healthy and not bringing in disease. Through an exchange program, Ubon came to San Diego while Paka, the male tiger here at the Zoo, went to Fresno. Generally, males are the ones that move in the exchange program to avoid distrupting the females, who have grown attached to their exhibits where they have previously raised their babies.

When Ubon first arrived, he was transferred from this crate to a tunnel that led to his quarantine holding area. This holding area is equipped with beds, heaters, benches, pools for aquatic mammals, an additional private room, and a camera. All but the camera give the animal comfort during the transition period and try to decrease the amount of stress he experiences. The camera is there so the keepers can monitor the animal’s normal and abnormal behavior. They monitor if the animal is moving, eating, and drinking, and if they see anything out of the ordinary, they contact the veterinarian for further examination.

To further assist the vet, the keepers inspect samples of fecal matter to make sure that Ubon is adjusting to his new diet well, and so far he is. They also weigh him to make sure that even if he looks healthy on the outside, he is not losing weight because that could mean that something is wrong on the inside. Ubon is trained to walk onto the scale with positive reinforcement training. This allows the tiger to trust the keepers and, in exchange, allows the keepers to examine Ubon and take care of  him. They also train him to take shots, get a physical exam, and shift to another area if needed. Sedation is sometimes necessary to protect the animal as well as the people who are doing the examining. These examinations are necessary to protect other animals from getting sick. Ubon has already received x rays and full-body exams to make sure his teeth, organs, and other necessary body parts are working correctly.

Examinations will be done on a regular basis to ensure that Ubon is a healthy animal. Once veterinarians and keepers think that Ubon is ready and the required 30 days of quarantine have passed, he will be ready to live in his new home. If you would like to see the newcomer in his new home, come to the San Diego Zoo in early December and be one of the first to see him in his new environment.

Teghan, Real World Team (Week 5)

0

Mountain Lions and Palm Trees

Can you see the 2nd pair of eyes?

Did you ever think about how palm trees might move mountain lions (pumas) and jaguars around? Where we’re working in Southeast Peru with the Botanical Institute of Texas, remote camera photos of mountain lions aren’t really common, but they’re not rare, either (see post Mountain Lion: Sensing Humans). Earlier this year we started seeing more mountain lion feces than usual on one trail, and we also started seeing photos of jaguars, which we hadn’t photographed there for several months.

Our working hypothesis (our best guess) was that the big cats were moving back into the area because a lot of white-collared peccaries moved into the area to feed on ripe palm fruits, and the big cats hunt peccaries. In other words, we think that perhaps the palms indirectly influenced the movements of the big cats. Of course there are many reasons why a mountain lion might decide to walk up one trail versus another. One reason is to improve its chance of finding food, as I just described. Another reason a mountain lion might walk up a trail is to follow a sexy mountain lion!

One series of photos (see below), taken by a remote camera, shows two adult mountain lions traveling together. The first two photos show an adult mountain lion walking down a trail with two eyes visible in the distant background; the second two photos illustrate that the second pair of eyes belonged to another adult puma.

The only reason I can imagine that these adults would be together is that it was mating season. The odds are pretty low that we’ll eventually obtain images of a mother mountain lion walking down a trail with her cubs, but wouldn’t that be neat? If we do get photos like that, I’ll be sure to share them with you!

Russ Van Horn is a scientist with the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, leading our Andean bear conservation program.

1

Mountain Lion: Sensing Humans

I recently wrote about some remote camera photos from southeast Peru that illustrated mountain lion scent-marking behavior (see post Camera Trap: Puma (Mountain Lion)). I commented that if our sense of smell was better, we might have been able to detect this behavior without the use of digital technology. Well, other photos indicate that our other senses are not as good as the senses of the other large mammals living in the forest and that they react to us even when we don’t know they’re there!

For example, some photos taken by a remote camera illustrate that our sense of hearing, along with our sense of smell, is relatively weak. The first rapid sequence of 10 photos shows a mountain lion (also known as a puma or cougar) walking up the trail with its ears partly laid back and its forehead wrinkled, in what I interpret as an expression of unease. Seven minutes later, the remote camera took photos of two field workers arriving to change the camera’s batteries and memory card. Because this camera is set in a rugged area where the trail is quite steep, I suspect the humans were less than 1,000 feet (300 meters) away when the photos of the puma were taken. I interpret these photos to indicate that the mountain lion knew the humans were nearby and that it was walking up the trail to avoid them. The trail is covered with moss and leaves, so footprints are virtually impossible for humans to see, and the men had no idea they were so close to a mountain lion until they saw the photos from the remote camera. I’m sure the mountain lion, and other animals in the area, were very aware that humans were present.

Fortunately, for the time being humans do not often go into the forests where we have set our remote cameras, and humans haven’t had a big impact there. That may be changing. Because the Inter-Oceanic Highway has been built through the area, it is now easier to move large machinery into the area and remove resources from the area. There are now a lot of people inside and outside of Peru who are interested in extracting natural resources that they couldn’t access before, and the human impact on the forests and the wildlife is growing. This is one of the reasons that we’re working in this area, in collaboration with the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. Although the Cusco regional government has proposed conserving part of the area for sustainable use by local residents, and a non-governmental organization has proposed placing part of the area under its protection, it’s not clear that any action will take place soon enough, or be strong enough, to conserve these forests and wildlife. For now, all we can do is wait and see, using advanced technology to compensate for our limited sensory systems.

Russ Van Horn is a scientist with the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, leading our Andean bear conservation program.

0

Camera Trap: Puma (Mountain Lion)

A puma triggers the camera trap's eye.

I’ve just had the opportunity to quickly review the photos that our remote cameras have taken in the cloud forest of southeastern Peru over the last few months. As usual, in spite of our best efforts, the frequent strong rains and constant high humidity affected some of the cameras. However, most cameras functioned well, and we continue to collect photos of interesting animal behavior that we could not have predicted.

Our remote cameras are currently programmed to take 10 photos in rapid succession whenever they detect motion. One set of photographs, taken at around dawn on March 9, 2011, shows a puma (also known as a mountain lion or cougar) rubbing its chin and the side of its face against a small sapling growing beside the trail. This is a scent-marking behavior, and you may have seen domestic house cats rub their chin and face on objects, and perhaps even on you.

A second set of remote camera photographs, taken very early on March 18, 2011, shows a puma returning up the trail and performing the same behavior on the same sapling. I suspect it was the same puma as photographed on March 9, but to be honest, although some researchers can identify individual pumas from remote camera photos, I don’t think I can do so. If I’m correct, and it was the same puma, then this cat was renewing its scent on the sampling, advertising that it was still in the area. When we placed that remote camera in the forest, we knew that wild animal trails crossed that spot, but we did not know that pumas were using that sapling as a scent post. If we had the same sense of smell as a house cat, I suspect that would have been obvious to us!

Russ Van Horn is a scientist with the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, leading our Andean bear conservation program. Read his previous post, Vegetarian Bears?